La Policía Nacional parece haber encontrado un elemento fundamental en la lucha contra la delincuencia organizada en la Ley 32181, que modifica el Código Procesal Penal. La norma prohíbe a la Fiscalía solicitar detención preliminar o preventiva contra policías que hagan uso de sus armas de fuego y maten a delincuentes.
La norma desarrollada por el Congreso de la Republica agrega incisos los artículos 261-A referido a la detención preliminar y el 268-A referido a la prisión preventiva. En ambos casos de forma expresa se indica que la Fiscalía esta impedida de solicitar estas medidas contra efectivos de la Policía Nacional.
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Está benefició se aplicará cuando el efectivo policial haga uso de su arma como un medio de defensa de su vida o la de ciudadanos que se vea amenazada. Sin embargo esto no detiene la investigación, sino que protege la libertad del custodio.
¿Cuándo un Policía puede usar su arma de fuego?
El uso de armas de fuego por parte de los efectivos policiales está especificado en el Decreto Legislativo N° 1186. En el artículo 7 de la norma se especifica reglas generales sobre el uso de la fuerza, que según la situación puede ser preventivos o reactivos.
La nivel preventivo implica que el efectivo que el efectivo con su simple presencia frustra situaciones delictiva o actos que perturben la tranquilidad pública. En un segundo nivel de prevención el efectivo conversa con las personas que realizan estos actos y los persuade de detener sus acciones. En un tercer nivel procede a intervenirlo y usando técnicas de negociaciones trasladarlo a la dependencia policial.
En nivel reactivo la Policía usa medida de fuerza de tres niveles. Control físico que implica el uso de técnicas para controlar, reducir, inmovilizar y detener al delincuente o agresor. En el segundo nivel usa tácticas no letales que implica uso de armas no letales. Por ejemplo usar su vara de reglamento, gas lacrimógeno o escopeta con balas de goma.
El tercer nivel esta referido al uso de la fuerza letal. Esto implica el uso de sus armas de fuego. Según la norma el Policía ante una situación de peligro real e inminente de muerte o lesiones propias propia o de ciudadanos puede usar su arma para controlar al agresor.
El cumplimiento de esta prerrogativa deberá ser analizar por la Fiscalía. En caso producto del análisis se compruebe que las acciones policial ocurrió según esta prerrogativa, estará impedido de solicitar prisión preventiva o preliminar.
Comparecencia con restricciones para Policías
Sin embargo, esta protección de la libertad del Policía no implica que no se investigara. La norma también agrega un inciso al artículo 292. En este se dispone que en casos de este tipo la Fiscalía podrá solicitar una medida de comparecencia con restricción mientras investigado, de ser necesaria.
La solicitud de comparecencia con restricciones se aplica cuando el Fiscal considera que el investigado podría realizar acciones para fugar u obstaculizar la investigación. De allí que solicita al juez dictar norma de conducta establecidas en el artículo 288 del Código Procesal Penal.
Entre ellas esta someterse a un régimen de vigilancia a cargo de la Policía, no ausentarse de la localidad donde vive, no concurrir a lugares donde suele ocurrir delitos y asistir en fechas establecidos al juzgado que dicto la medida o citaciones de la Fiscalía.
En caso el investigado quiera salir de la localidad donde reside deberá solicitar al Juzgado que dicto la media permiso para desplazarse, especificando el tiempo que permanecerá en ese lugar, donde se ubica este y justificar los motivos del viaje.
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